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Study shows sustained reading improves verbal working memory and episodic memory in older adults. Enhanced conceptual integration in sentence processing also observed.
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gf), the ability to quickly transform information and effectively control attention to respond to changing task demands, shows a monotonic decline through adulthood, as a consequence of genetically mediated senescence processes.", "simplified_text": "Fluid ability declines through adulthood due to genetically mediated senescence processes", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Cognition", "Aging" ], "confidence": 0.9, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a317-9157-4249-98cc-84b671d5206c", "text": "Crystallized ability (gc), grounded in knowledge and acculturation, increases as a consequence of experience.", "simplified_text": "Crystallized ability increases as a consequence of experience", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Cognition", "Aging" ], "confidence": 0.9, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a318-76e1-413e-abde-608d16179482", "text": "Even though age-related declines in fluid abilities are normative, there is considerable inter-individual variability in trajectories of change, such that some individuals age quite well (Livingston et al., 2017, 2020).", "simplified_text": "Age-related declines in fluid abilities are normative but there is inter-individual variability", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Cognition", "Aging" ], "confidence": 0.8, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a319-8184-469d-88cc-8157f0b314de", "text": "Plasticity refers to the capacity for mind and brain to be shaped by experience.", "simplified_text": "Plasticity is the capacity for mind and brain to be shaped by experience", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Cognition", "Neuroscience" ], "confidence": 1, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a31a-877e-4960-9416-738b03cc4a90", "text": "While early models of development focused on plasticity as predominantly a property of young organisms (Waddington, 1942; Gottlieb, 1991), it is now understood that, while perhaps more sluggish with aging, plasticity exists throughout the lifespan (Baltes, 1997; L\u00f6vd\u00e9n et al., 2010).", "simplified_text": "Plasticity exists throughout the lifespan although more sluggish with aging", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Cognition", "Neuroscience", "Aging" ], "confidence": 0.9, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a31b-7dda-4523-9817-7b52760ecfc0", "text": "Working memory (WM) training is an especially promising pathway given that a large body of evidence suggests that it is predictive of language comprehension and memory (Daneman and Merikle, 1996), reasoning (Kyllonen and Cristal, 1990; S\u00fc\u00df et al., 2002), and fluid ability (Engle et al., 1999).", "simplified_text": "Working memory training is predictive of language comprehension memory reasoning and fluid ability", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Cognition", "Memory", "Language" ], "confidence": 0.8, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a31c-7ded-42e8-a0d9-ce7d2622992f", "text": "In contrast to training, engagement involves the implicit exercise of cognitive skills in the course of everyday activities (Stine-Morrow et al., 2014, 2021; Stine-Morrow and Manavbasi, 2022).", "simplified_text": "Engagement involves implicit exercise of cognitive skills in everyday activities", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Cognition", "Lifestyle" ], "confidence": 0.9, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a31d-6fa0-41fe-984e-58a211ef6589", "text": "Experimental approaches in which participants are randomly assigned to complex environments (e.g., creative problem solving competition, challenging hobbies, community engagement) have provided clear demonstrations that psychometrically measured cognitive abilities can show growth through implicit practice in context (Carlson et al., 2008; Stine-Morrow et al., 2008, 2014; Park et al., 2014).", "simplified_text": "Cognitive abilities can show growth through implicit practice in complex environments", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Cognition", "Lifestyle" ], "confidence": 0.8, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a31e-70ca-4529-8b1b-d42958750b27", "text": "The activity engagement with the most robust consequences for cognitive resilience may be early-life education (Albert et al., 1995; L\u00f6vd\u00e9n et al., 2020).", "simplified_text": "Early-life education may have the most robust consequences for cognitive resilience", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Cognition", "Education", "Aging" ], "confidence": 0.7, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a31f-69f3-4a8e-a059-993d06e76689", "text": "Reading has long been recognized as a highly active form of mental engagement (Thorndike, 1917; Nell, 1988), but literacy practices have been largely neglected in the quest for cognitive enrichment to promote late-life cognitive health.", "simplified_text": "Reading is a highly active form of mental engagement", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Cognition", "Lifestyle" ], "confidence": 0.9, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a320-5970-431a-a02b-2cfb5a7f3406", "text": "Based on data from the Health and Retirement Study, Bavishi et al. (2016) reported that adjusting for education, health, and other covariates, individuals who read books showed a 20% reduction in mortality risk over 12 years relative to non-readers and those who read magazines and newspapers, an effect that was mediated by cognition.", "simplified_text": "Reading books showed a 20% reduction in mortality risk over 12 years relative to non-readers", "claim_maker": "Bavishi et al. (2016)", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Health", "Mortality", "Aging" ], "confidence": 0.7, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a321-678d-4db7-874e-7bf0aae71c3d", "text": "Collectively, this research suggests that reading, an accessible and cost-effective form of activity engagement, (a) can engender a highly active mental state so as to exercise a broad array of cognitive and neural processes, in particular, WM, episodic memory, and executive control, which are among the most vulnerable with aging, and (b) may be self-perpetuating in increasing the efficiency of lexical processing, enhancing effortful allocation to semantic processing, and shaping dispositions that sustain further literacy engagement.", "simplified_text": "Reading can exercise cognitive and neural processes and may be self-perpetuating", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Cognition", "Neuroscience", "Lifestyle" ], "confidence": 0.7, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a322-6b8f-4ccf-bb80-411c12d98390", "text": "In the interest of examining the effects of literacy engagement among older adults with a wide range in ability, we recruited from the community, assisted living residences, and a local memory clinic, and were conservative in screening out individuals experiencing early signs of mild cognitive impairment, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; Nasreddine et al., 2005) > 16.", "simplified_text": "Participants were recruited from the community assisted living residences and a local memory clinic", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Research", "Aging" ], "confidence": 1, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a323-6a56-41b9-9f87-bd90fe2de5f4", "text": "Based on an a priori power analysis using G*Power (Faul et al., 2007), we originally aimed for a sample size of 88.", "simplified_text": "The study originally aimed for a sample size of 88", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Research" ], "confidence": 1, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a324-51f7-4cd5-97c5-061bed42664c", "text": "However, data collection was prematurely discontinued because of the COVID-19 pandemic.", "simplified_text": "Data collection was discontinued because of the COVID-19 pandemic", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Research", "COVID-19" ], "confidence": 1, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a325-422a-41e0-a2a1-78b2132330dd", "text": "As shown in the CONSORT diagram in Figure 1, 76 adults (60\u201379 years of age; M = 68.7, SD = 5.7) agreed to randomization.", "simplified_text": "76 adults 60\u201379 years old agreed to randomization", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Research Participants", "Aging" ], "confidence": 1, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a326-3798-4f51-9139-6da4789872d5", "text": "Retention in the program for the Literacy group was 79%; and for the Control, 66%.", "simplified_text": "Literacy group retention was 79% control group retention was 66%", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Research", "Aging" ], "confidence": 1, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a327-36ca-4ac0-8677-2853fbbadd38", "text": "Participants were asked to spend 90 min per day, 5 days a week, across 8 weeks in their assigned activity.", "simplified_text": "Participants spent 90 minutes per day 5 days a week for 8 weeks in assigned activity", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Research", "Aging" ], "confidence": 1, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a328-4530-4fb8-8b03-d5b15d06d371", "text": "The Literacy group showed differential gains in working memory, t(57) = 1.69, p = 0.048 (one-tailed), d = 0.43, and a trend for gains in episodic memory, t(57) = 1.62, p = 0.055 (one-tailed), d = 0.42.", "simplified_text": "Literacy group showed gains in working memory and a trend for gains in episodic memory", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Cognition", "Memory", "Aging" ], "confidence": 0.8, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null }, { "uuid": "9fc8a329-2c29-4847-b91e-763bac349958", "text": "The Literacy Engagement group showed increased sentence wrap-up at post-test relative to pre-test (i.e., change was greater than zero), t(30) = 2.05, p = 0.049, d = 0.37 for the ITT analysis, and t(27) = 2.73, p = 0.011, d = 0.51 for the retained sample, while the control group did not differ from baseline in either analysis, t < 1.", "simplified_text": "Literacy engagement group showed increased sentence wrap-up at post-test relative to pre-test", "claim_maker": "The author", "claim_subject_tags": [ "Cognition", "Language", "Aging" ], "confidence": 0.8, "context_type": "Research Article", "similarity_found": false, "linked_to": null, "similarity_score": null } ], "improved_author": "EAL Stine-Morrow, GS McCall, I Manavbasi, S Ng, DA Llano, AK Barbey", "suggested_reeval_at": "2030-07-10 00:00:00" } }
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