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    "original_url": "https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2026\/02\/16\/world\/asia\/xi-military-zhang-youxia-mao.html?campaign_id=9&emc=edit_nn_20260216&instance_id=171166&nl=the-morning&regi_id=122976029&segment_id=215349&user_id=b25c5730c89e0c73f75709d8f1254337",
    "parsed_content": "AdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENTSupported bySKIP ADVERTISEMENTNews AnalysisIn Xi\u2019s Purge of the Military, a Search for Absolute LoyaltyBy reaching back to Maoist tactics of \u201crectification,\u201d the Chinese leader is signaling that control over the gun requires a state of perpetual cleansing.Listen to this article \u00b7 7:54 min Learn moreShare full articlePresident Xi Jinping of China at a ceremony with members of the Chinese People\u2019s Liberation Army last year. Over the past two years, Mr. Xi has removed five of the six generals in China\u2019s top military body. Credit...Florence Lo\/ReutersBy Lily KuoFeb. 16, 2026Updated 2:38 a.m. ETWhen Xi Jinping rang in the new year from Beijing, he called on China to remember the legacy of Yan\u2019an, the rural stronghold where Mao Zedong transformed revolutionary guerrilla fighters into a disciplined force under his command that would go on to take the country.It may have been a hint of what was to come. Yan\u2019an was also where Mao Zedong launched his party\u2019s first major \u201crectification,\u201d a campaign of political terror that eliminated rivals and cemented his absolute authority over the party. Three weeks after Mr. Xi\u2019s speech, China effectively purged the military\u2019s top commander Gen. Zhang Youxia, who had once been seen as a confidant of Mr. Xi\u2019s.Like Mao, Mr. Xi is pursuing a kind of spiritual renewal of the party and the military he commands, what he calls constant \u201cself revolution.\u201d And like Mao, that has taken the form of constant purging of enemies, associates and now, those in his inner circle, too. It is a new level of ruthlessness for a man who has already concentrated power in himself to a degree not seen since Mao.Over the past three years, Mr. Xi has essentially ousted five of the six generals in China\u2019s top military body, the Central Military Commission, which controls China\u2019s armed forces. Only two members are left: Mr. Xi himself and a vice chairman who has overseen Mr. Xi\u2019s purges.AdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENT\u201cIt is quite astonishing,\u201d said Yue Gang, a retired colonel of the People\u2019s Liberation Army.ImageThe Chinese military\u2019s top commander Gen. Zhang Youxia, center, had once been seen as a confidant of Mr. Xi\u2019s, before being placed under investigation earlier this year.Credit...Pool photo by Greg BakerIn the weeks after, Chinese officials have offered little explanation as they sought to project normalcy. Mr. Xi hosted foreign leaders in Beijing and convened a meeting with party officials on policy work. On Wednesday, he met with military units by video conference and conveyed his greetings for the Lunar New Year. Acknowledging that the past year had been \u201cvery unusual and very extraordinary,\u201d Mr. Xi sought to show that the rank-and-file were loyal to him, saying that the troops were still \u201ccompletely reliable and trustworthy.\u201dOnline discussion has been restricted as social media platforms filter search results and comments related to General Zhang.Want to stay updated on what\u2019s happening in China? Sign up for Your Places: Global Update, and we\u2019ll send our latest coverage to your inbox.The few official editorials released on the subject hark back to the campaign of ideological cleansing first modeled at Yan\u2019an and suggest that at the heart of the ouster is Mr. Xi\u2019s control over the military, a powerful empire within the party.AdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENTA front-page editorial in the People\u2019s Liberation Army Daily characterized the investigation as a necessary hygiene, a process of \u201cuprooting sick trees\u201d and \u201cremoving hidden cancer\u201d so that the military would be \u201creforged and reformed.\u201d Another editorial in the same paper described Mr. Xi\u2019s leadership as the \u201cthe source of strength, direction, and future\u201d for the military.ImageTourists dressed in Red Army uniforms next to a statue of Mao at Yan\u2019an Revolutionary Memorial Hall. Credit...Gilles Sabri\u00e9 for The New York Times\u201cMr. Xi believes he needs to build a foundation of absolute ideological unity and personal loyalty for future battles,\u201d wrote John Garnaut, a founder of Garnaut Global, a geopolitical risk advisory firm. He noted that the language used by the party showed that Mr. Xi was drawing on Maoist and Stalinist playbooks absorbed in his youth as the son of a revolutionary fighter.Over his 13 years in power, Mr. Xi has often cited Yan\u2019an, the Communist Party\u2019s main revolutionary base until 1948, as inspiration for his own culling of cadres as well as a way to signal his own supreme authority in the party in the tradition of Mao. After Mr. Xi secured a third term as head of the party, breaking with precedent, he visited the city in the northwestern province of Shaanxi with his top officials.He and General Zhang also made the pilgrimage to Yan\u2019an in 2024 for a meeting, heavy with symbolism, on \u201cpolitical work\u201d in the Chinese military. Mr. Xi exhorted the senior military officers, which included three other senior generals that he would later also purge, to remember their original revolutionary mission.Visiting the former residences of revolutionary leaders like Mao and Zhou Enlai on that trip, he declared the importance of the party\u2019s \u201cabsolute leadership over the military.\u201dAdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENT\u201cFor Xi Jinping, he sees that legacy and that kind of campaign as one of the party\u2019s greatest treasures. He wants to go back to history and use those methods,\u201d said Joseph Torigian, a historian of the Chinese Communist Party at American University in Washington. \u201cHe thinks he can do it right.\u201dSecuring control over the People\u2019s Liberation Army has been the key challenge of every leader since Mao, who immortalized its importance by declaring that \u201cpolitical power grows out of the barrel of a gun.\u201d Colonel Yue argued that Mr. Xi\u2019s predecessor, Hu Jintao, struggled to manage the military and had been outmaneuvered by two vice chairmen of the commission.ImageMr. Xi with General Zhang in a visit to Yan\u2019an in 2024, during which he declared the importance of the party\u2019s \u201cabsolute leadership over the military,\u201d in a photo from Chinese state media.Credit...Li Gang\/Xinhua, via Getty Images\u201cWe\u2019ve had this lesson before,\u201d Colonel Yue said, who argued that General Zhang may have tried and failed to weaken Mr. Xi\u2019s hold over the military. The \u201csmooth\u201d takedown of General Zhang, he said, shows how \u201cimpossible it is to shake the leadership of Xi Jinping.\u201d\u201cThe attempt to undermine the power didn\u2019t succeed. Instead, it resulted in a disastrous outcome,\u201d he said.AdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENTSince Mr. Xi came to power in 2012 he has overseen an intense campaign to clean up the military, where corruption had been on the rise since market reforms in the 1980s and as military spending soared. He sees absolute loyalty as vital to one of his key goals of building a 21st-century, combat-ready force capable of defending China\u2019s interests \u2014 like its claim over Taiwan.And as Beijing competes more directly with the United States, ensuring the military\u2019s loyalty in times of crisis and possible conflict is even more important.\u201cThe party must always command the gun, never the other way around,\u201d said the Chinese military expert Song Zhongping.When Mr. Xi talks about the spirit of Yan\u2019an, he glosses over details of the purging of thousands of party members at Yan\u2019an through psychologically brutal sessions of self-criticism that led some to suicide. Mr. Xi uses some of those methods of political indoctrination, including mandating study sessions of his personalized doctrine, Xi Jinping Thought, and encouraging the reporting of one\u2019s peers or superiors for violating Mr. Xi\u2019s edicts, according to Wen-Hsuan Tsai, a scholar of elite Chinese politics at the Institute of Political Science at Academia Sinica in Taiwan.\u201cIt turns the whole party into a trial of mutual reporting, so no one can be trusted \u2014 not your parents, not your superiors, no one,\u201d Dr. Tsai said.AdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENT\u201cHis type of regime needs constant enemies and purges to maintain fear,\u201d he said. ImageSecuring control over the People\u2019s Liberation Army has been the key challenge of every leader of the People\u2019s Republic of China since Mao.Credit...Hector Retamal\/Agence France-Presse \u2014 Getty ImagesMr. Xi\u2019s rectification campaign, while not as bloody or extreme as Mao\u2019s, extends across the party apparatus, targeting graft as well as perceived disloyalty. Last year, 983,000 officials were punished for violating party rules, the highest number on record, according to data released by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the party\u2019s internal anti-corruption body.The sudden removal of senior officials with no explanation has become a hallmark of Mr. Xi\u2019s rule, inspiring uncertainty and fear among Chinese officials in what analysts say is either a sign of his increasing paranoia or a tactic to keep the leader\u2019s enemies, as well as his allies, guessing. Rather than quietly retire General Zhang at the next leadership transition, in 2027, Mr. Xi chose to publicly and loudly disown him.\u201cThis purge manifests a position of strength,\u201d said Yun Sun, director of the China Program at the Stimson Center in Washington. \u201cXi can move his finger and remove the most powerful leader of the Chinese military.\u201dPei-Lin Wu contributed reporting.Lily Kuo\u00a0is a China correspondent for The Times, based in Taipei.See more on: Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (Communist Party of China), Central Military Commission (China), Communist Party of China, People's Liberation Army (China), Hu Jintao, Mao ZedongShare full articleRelated ContentAdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENT",
    "ai_headline": "In Xi\u2019s Purge of the Military, a Search for Absolute Loyalty",
    "ai_simplified_title": "Xi Jinping Purges Military Leaders Amidst Loyalty Concerns",
    "ai_excerpt": "Xi Jinping is purging top military officials, echoing Maoist tactics to ensure absolute loyalty. The article analyzes the implications of these purges, highlighting Xi's consolidation of power and the focus on ideological control. It examines the historical context and potential motivations behind these actions.",
    "ai_subject_tags": [
        "China",
        "Xi Jinping",
        "Military",
        "Purge",
        "Politics",
        "Mao Zedong",
        "Authoritarianism"
    ],
    "ai_context_type": "Analysis",
    "ai_context_details": {
        "tone": "analytical",
        "perspective": "neutral",
        "audience": "general",
        "credibility_indicators": [
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            "historical context",
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