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    "original_url": "https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2026\/02\/13\/opinion\/grand-jury-trump-congress.html?campaign_id=9&emc=edit_nn_20260213&instance_id=171041&nl=the-morning&regi_id=122976029&segment_id=215219&user_id=b25c5730c89e0c73f75709d8f1254337",
    "parsed_content": "AdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENTOpinionSupported bySKIP ADVERTISEMENTGuest EssayA Grand Jury Will Indict a Ham Sandwich? Not in the Trump Era.Feb. 13, 2026, 5:02 a.m. ETCredit...F\u00e9lix DecombatListen to this article \u00b7 7:00 min Learn moreShare full articleBy Chesa Boudin and Eric S. FishMr. Boudin was the San Francisco district attorney. Mr. Fish is a law professor at the University of California, Davis.Something extraordinary is happening in federal courthouses across America: Grand juries are exercising their power to reject criminal charges in high-profile cases.In Washington, a grand jury refused to return a felony indictment against a man who threw a sandwich at a Customs and Border Protection officer during a crackdown ordered by President Trump. In Chicago, grand jurors have declined to indict in several felony cases stemming from a similar operation; prosecutors seemed to get the message and dismissed additional cases. In Minnesota, federal prosecutors have charged some demonstrators with misdemeanors in cases involving encounters with federal agents \u2014 and it is very likely that they did so in some cases because the prosecutors expected grand juries would reject felony charges.Federal grand juries in Virginia twice decided not to indict Letitia James, the New York attorney general, after a judge dismissed an initial case against her. Another federal grand jury in Virginia declined at least one charge against James Comey, the former F.B.I. director; the prosecutor later improperly filed a version of the indictment the full grand jury never saw.This week, a grand jury rejected an effort by the U.S. attorney\u2019s office in Washington to indict the six members of Congress who appeared last year in a video underscoring the obligation of service members to refuse illegal orders.These \u201cno bills\u201d \u2014 grand jury refusals to indict \u2014 are encouraging. At a moment when the Trump administration is clearly trying to use the courts to suppress protest and seek revenge against perceived political enemies, the citizens who make up grand juries are rediscovering the institution\u2019s power and original purpose.Sign up for the Opinion Today newsletter Get expert analysis of the news and a guide to the big ideas shaping the world every weekday morning. Get it sent to your inbox.These refusals are remarkable because they\u2019re so rare. Grand juries screen cases, but do not determine guilt or innocence. They decide only whether there is enough evidence for a case to move forward to trial. In our modern justice system, grand juries are extremely deferential to prosecutors.The adage that a prosecutor could get a grand jury to indict a ham sandwich isn\u2019t colorful rhetoric but statistical reality. In 2016, the last year for which the Justice Department published such data, federal prosecutors concluded more than 155,000 cases, but grand juries refused to indict in only six of them. Yet in recent months, we\u2019ve seen grand juries asserting themselves as meaningful checks on prosecutorial overreach, particularly in cases stemming from Mr. Trump\u2019s deployment of federal forces against protesters.This is how grand juries were meant to work. The Supreme Court chief justice Earl Warren once described grand juries as \u201ca primary security to the innocent against hasty, malicious and oppressive persecution.\u201d John Jay, our first chief justice, called them \u201cone of the best institutions that ever was devised for bringing offenders to justice without endangering the peace and security of the innocent.\u201dColonial grand juries often refused to enforce British revenue and sedition laws, including the infamous Stamp Act. The Constitution\u2019s framers enshrined the power of grand juries in the Fifth Amendment. They viewed grand juries not just as criminal case screeners, but as a bulwark against oppressive government. As our criminal justice system expanded over the years, grand juries transformed into, essentially, rubber stamps.Why do grand juries today nearly always bless whatever prosecutors place before them? The answer lies in procedure. As we wrote in a recent law review article, many jurisdictions deny grand juries the tools they need for meaningful review.Federal grand juries are a prime example. They typically operate in secret, with no judge or defense lawyer present. They usually hear only from the prosecutor and whatever witnesses the prosecutor chooses to call. Federal prosecutors can present hearsay testimony and even illegally obtained evidence that would never be allowed at trial. A federal prosecutor can simply have an agent read from an arrest report rather than bringing in actual eyewitnesses. And because the proceedings remain secret, after-the-fact judicial review is close to impossible.By contrast, some states have adopted robust grand jury procedures. California, for instance, prohibits most hearsay testimony before grand juries and allows defendants to challenge indictments afterward.What we\u2019re seeing now suggests that even procedurally hobbled federal grand juries can reclaim their historic function when circumstances demand it. The recent string of no bills suggests that grand jurors \u2014 everyday Americans performing a civic duty \u2014 are recognizing the administration\u2019s penchant for prosecutorial overreach and refusing to participate in it. They\u2019re acting as the conscience of the community, rejecting efforts to suppress political dissent.The Washington sandwich thrower and the protesters in Chicago weren\u2019t dangerous criminals. It\u2019s clear that they were, overwhelmingly, citizens targeted by an administration that is deploying federal forces as domestic shock troops. Grand jurors apparently see through this and are increasingly saying no.Similarly, the cases involving Ms. James and the six members of Congress reflect grand jurors doing their job: screening out weak and obviously politically motivated charges that never should have been brought.If grand juries are exercising their power even within broken procedures, imagine what they could do with proper tools. At the federal level and in many states, we need procedural reform to limit hearsay testimony so grand jurors hear from actual witnesses; to create remedies when illegally obtained evidence is presented so constitutional violations have consequences for prosecutors; to require presentation of exculpatory evidence (evidence that favors the defense) at the grand jury stage, before cases get to trial; and to provide transcripts allowing trial judges to review indictments and ensure they were properly obtained.These reforms wouldn\u2019t hamper legitimate prosecutions. They would strengthen public confidence in the criminal justice system by ensuring that indictments are well supported. And they would help limit pretextual prosecutions of adversaries and dissenters.Federal grand jurors are showing that they will use their power wisely. We should embrace this trend and give them the procedural protections they need to serve as true checks on government power.Chesa Boudin is the executive director of the Criminal Law and Justice Center at the University of California, Berkeley. He was the San Francisco district attorney from 2020 to 2022. Eric S. Fish is a law professor at the University of California, Davis.The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We\u2019d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips. And here\u2019s our email: letters@nytimes.com.Follow the New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Bluesky, WhatsApp and Threads.Read 7 commentsShare full articleRelated ContentAdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENT",
    "ai_headline": "A Grand Jury Will Indict a Ham Sandwich? Not in the Trump Era.",
    "ai_simplified_title": "Grand Juries Reject Indictments in Trump Era",
    "ai_excerpt": "The article discusses how grand juries are increasingly rejecting criminal charges in high-profile cases, particularly those stemming from the Trump administration's actions. It argues that this trend reflects grand juries rediscovering their power to check prosecutorial overreach and protect against political persecution. The authors advocate for procedural reforms to strengthen grand juries' ability to fulfill this role.",
    "ai_subject_tags": [
        "Grand Juries",
        "Criminal Justice",
        "Trump Administration",
        "Prosecutorial Overreach",
        "Political Dissent",
        "Legal Reform",
        "Fifth Amendment"
    ],
    "ai_context_type": "Opinion",
    "ai_context_details": {
        "tone": "opinionated",
        "perspective": "critical of prosecutorial overreach",
        "audience": "general",
        "credibility_indicators": [
            "expert quotes",
            "historical context",
            "legal analysis"
        ]
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