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    "parsed_content": "Iran\u2019s Roads Not TakenTehran, Washington, and the Failures That Led to WarVali Nasr September\/October 2025 Published on August 19, 2025 Hokyoung Kim Listen Subscribe to unlock this feature or Sign in. Share & Download Print Subscribe to unlock this feature or Sign in. Save Sign in and save to read later Share Iran\u2019s Roads Not Taken Tehran, Washington, and the Failures That Led to War Vali Nasr Copy Link Copied Article link: https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/iran\/irans-roads-not-taken-nasrhttps:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/iran\/irans-roads-not-taken-nasr Copy Gift Link Copied This is a subscriber-only feature. Subscribe now or Sign in. Create Citation Copied Chicago MLA APSA APAVali Nasr, \"Iran\u2019s Roads Not Taken.\" Foreign Affairs, August 19, 2025. https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/iran\/irans-roads-not-taken-nasr. MLA Cite not available at the moment APSA Cite not available at the moment APA Cite not available at the moment Download PDF This is a subscriber-only feature. Subscribe now or Sign in. Request Reprint Request reprint permissions here.The 12-day war in June, which saw the United States join Israel in bombing Iran, was the culmination of four decades of mistrust, antipathy, and confrontation. Since its inception in 1979, the Islamic Republic has not wavered in its anti-Americanism, and the United States has unfailingly responded by exerting greater pressure on Iran. The two have come close to outright conflict before. In 1987 and 1988, the United States destroyed offshore oil platforms and Iranian naval vessels and then mistakenly shot down an Iranian passenger plane. Iran interpreted those acts as the opening salvos of an undeclared war. Washington\u2019s attention, however, soon \n \n \n Finish reading this article for free\n \n Enter your email and we\u2019ll send a paywall-free link directly to your\n inbox.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Get it Now \n \n \n \n \n \n In addition to your unlocked article, you will receive our flagship\n weekly newsletter Foreign Affairs This Week, as well as\n occasional updates and offers from Foreign Affairs. You can\n unsubscribe at any time. For more information, visit our user\n agreement and privacy policy.\n \n \n \n \n Get unlimited access to all\n Foreign Affairs.\n \n Subscribe\n \n \n Already a subscriber? Log In \n \n \n \n VALI NASR\u202fis Majid Khadduri Professor of International Affairs and Middle East Studies at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies and the author of\u202fIran\u2019s Grand Strategy: A Political History. More by Vali Nasr",
    "ai_extraction_started_at": "2026-04-24T03:59:40.629334Z",
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    "author_name": "Vali Nasr",
    "site_name": "Foreign Affairs",
    "section": null,
    "publisher": "Foreign Affairs",
    "ai_headline": "Iran\u2019s Roads Not Taken: Tehran, Washington, and the Failures That Led to War",
    "ai_simplified_title": "Iran and US Failures Lead to War in 2025",
    "ai_excerpt": "The article discusses the historical tensions between Iran and the US leading to a 12-day war in June 2025.",
    "ai_subject_tags": [
        "Iran",
        "United States",
        "War",
        "International Relations",
        "Middle East"
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