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                "text": "But modern autocracies have become more adept at subtler forms of oppression and expropriation.",
                "simplified_text": "Modern autocracies are more adept at oppression and expropriation",
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                "text": "The ability of autocrats to maintain the appearance of working within the framework of a liberal democracy might help to explain recent patterns of wealth and property redistribution in countries like Russia and China, according to a paper in the American Economic Journal: Microeconomics.",
                "simplified_text": "Autocrats maintaining the appearance of liberal democracy may explain wealth redistribution in Russia and China according to American Economic Journal: Microeconomics",
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                "text": "The authors, Dan Cao and Roger Lagunoff, study the microeconomic foundations of property dynamics in modern autocracies and their implications for economic growth.",
                "simplified_text": "Dan Cao and Roger Lagunoff study property dynamics in modern autocracies and economic growth implications",
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                "text": "Modern autocracies use information technologies and social media to monitor their citizens and manipulate public perception more effectively than their predecessors.",
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                "text": "This \u201cautocratic legalism\u201d\u2014hiding authoritarian designs in legitimate legal frameworks\u2014gives the appearance of providing robust property rights, while in reality redistribution is dictated by powerful political actors behind the scenes.",
                "simplified_text": "Autocratic legalism hides authoritarian designs giving the appearance of robust property rights",
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                "text": "Autocrats would like to implement a massive one-time redistribution toward their preferred elite in-group and then commit to a rule of law\u2014a stable allocation of property from that point forward.",
                "simplified_text": "Autocrats want a massive one-time redistribution to their elite in-group then commit to rule of law",
                "claim_maker": "Roger Lagunoff",
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                "text": "But they can't do that because they can't tie their own hands without an independent judiciary.",
                "simplified_text": "Autocrats cannot commit to rule of law because they cannot tie their own hands without an independent judiciary",
                "claim_maker": "Roger Lagunoff",
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                "text": "By building a model of property appropriation in autocracies, Cao and Lagunoff show that while autocratic legalism facilitates appropriation, it also imposes some constraints on what autocrats can do.",
                "simplified_text": "Cao and Lagunoff's model shows autocratic legalism facilitates appropriation but also constrains autocrats",
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                "text": "In their model, an autocrat controls property rights over a country\u2019s assets, representing the interests of a dominant in-group against the general population.",
                "simplified_text": "In Cao and Lagunoff's model an autocrat controls property rights representing the interests of a dominant in-group",
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                "text": "Some assets are private, such as housing, while others are public, such as infrastructure.",
                "simplified_text": "Some assets are private like housing others are public like infrastructure",
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                "text": "Over a period of time, the autocrat decides which assets are private property and which are public, the division of private property between the in-group and out-group, and how strictly property rights are enforced.",
                "simplified_text": "The autocrat decides which assets are private or public the division of private property and how strictly property rights are enforced",
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                "text": "Instead, the autocrat has to use a more indirect method of immiserating the out-group.",
                "simplified_text": "The autocrat uses a more indirect method of immiserating the out-group",
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                "text": "While the in-group is able to use the legal process to appropriate the out-group's assets, the authors\u2019 model predicts that the dictator will turn to public assets as a backdoor for redistribution.",
                "simplified_text": "The authors' model predicts the dictator will turn to public assets as a backdoor for redistribution",
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                "text": "When autocrats come to power, they have an incentive to nationalize assets from the incumbent elite, which history shows can be initially quite popular.",
                "simplified_text": "Autocrats have an incentive to nationalize assets which can be initially popular",
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                "text": "But through legal adjudication, those assets are slowly privatized by the new elite.",
                "simplified_text": "Nationalized assets are slowly privatized by the new elite through legal adjudication",
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                "text": "The result is an increasing concentration of private wealth and a declining share of public wealth over time\u2014a trend consistent with recent data from Russia and China.",
                "simplified_text": "Increasing concentration of private wealth and declining public wealth is consistent with data from Russia and China",
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                "text": "The path of redistribution turns out to be highly inefficient,\u201d Lagunoff said. \u201cIt leads to a misallocation of assets, lower growth, and inefficient consumption smoothing.",
                "simplified_text": "Redistribution is highly inefficient leading to misallocation of assets lower growth and inefficient consumption smoothing according to Lagunoff",
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                "text": "The authors point out that a civil society powerful enough to push for the rule of law and the enforcement of property rights could help mitigate such inefficiencies.",
                "simplified_text": "A powerful civil society could help mitigate inefficiencies by pushing for rule of law and property rights enforcement",
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                "text": "But a more powerful civil society could also easily become a political threat to the regime.",
                "simplified_text": "A powerful civil society could become a political threat to the regime",
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                "text": "The constraints they face ultimately lead to excessive and inefficiently timed property expropriation.",
                "simplified_text": "Constraints lead to excessive and inefficiently timed property expropriation",
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